Global trade transports an estimated 500 billion tonnes of virtual water every year, the hidden water embedded in goods such as food, textiles and industrial products, indicating the growing link between international commerce and water sustainability, according to a new World Bank report.

The report explains that virtual water refers to the large volumes of freshwater used during production processes but not visible in the final product. For example, producing a single cup of coffee can require about 150 litres of water, while sugar, milk and baked goods add significantly more, meaning a typical breakfast may consume more water than many households use daily.

According to the World Bank, the scale of virtual water flows is immense, amounting to roughly a quarter of global water use and about 50 times the weight of goods shipped annually by sea. Over the past two decades, virtual water trade has expanded by about 50 per cent, driven by rising incomes, changing diets and increasingly complex global value chains.

The report notes that trade can improve global water efficiency by shifting production to regions where water resources are more abundant. Crop trade alone saves around 500 billion cubic metres of water annually, as agricultural goods are often produced in locations that use water more efficiently than importing countries.

Water-dependent sectors, including agriculture, energy and industry, support approximately 1.7 billion jobs worldwide, underscoring the economic importance of efficient water use.

However, the benefits are uneven. About one-fifth of irrigation water embedded in traded goods originates from water-stressed regions where water is used less efficiently, effectively exporting scarce water resources and increasing long-term economic risks for those countries.

The World Bank said trade policy plays a critical role in determining where water-intensive production occurs.

Import tariffs, subsidies and regulatory standards influence competitiveness in sectors such as agri-food, textiles, leather, pulp and paper, and chemicals. Meanwhile, tariffs on water-saving technologies, including drip irrigation systems, smart meters and wastewater treatment equipment, can slow the adoption of efficiency solutions.

Governments are increasingly using non-tariff measures such as product standards and sustainability regulations to manage water use. Australia’s water-efficiency labelling scheme and the European Union’s corporate sustainability due diligence rules were cited as examples of policies shaping water outcomes across supply chains.

Private companies are also playing a growing role. Multinational firms are setting targets to reduce water use in manufacturing and working with suppliers to improve irrigation and processing efficiency across global sourcing networks.

The report added that trade agreements could further promote sustainable water use by incorporating environmental commitments and cooperation mechanisms. Examples include agreements between the European Union and Chile and between Japan and Australia, which encourage collaboration on efficient water management.

The World Bank cautioned that aligning trade with water sustainability will require gradual policy reforms to avoid disrupting producers and consumers, particularly in developing economies. Measures such as phased disclosure of water footprints, improved supply-chain traceability and investment in water-efficient technologies could help businesses remain competitive while reducing environmental risks.

The institution said it will continue supporting governments in integrating trade and water policies, warning that better management of virtual water flows will be critical to protecting economic growth, jobs and global water security in the decades ahead.